Rationality of Belief in an External World - 1973 Words

The philosophers of Enlightenment had discussed many important issues in the late 17th and 18th century. One of the significant subjects that they debated about was different opinions on the rationality of belief in an external world. Whether we are surrounded by external objects or not and if this is the case how we know this are the kinds of question they tried to find answers. Descartes has serious doubts on the testimony of senses, and this refers doubts about an external world. While Hume thinks that our beliefs on an external world is not justified, Leibniz believes that the universe exists out of ourselves by monads programmed by God. Besides, Kant thinks that our mind is the thing that gives meaning to objects, whereas Locke is more realist and thinks that external objects are giving mental content to our minds. This paper will trace the discussion among the five philosophers on debatable issue of external world’s existence and its relation to mind. To begin with, Descartes holds Cartesian skepticism that doubts the trueness of every past and present opinions, including the ones we gain by sensation. He believes that our sense organs can deceive us not only about the external world, but the trueness of our beliefs as well. Descartes states in his Sixth Meditation that faculty of sensation is a sort of passive activity that receives sensorial ideas from something else than itself. He examines what kind of thing can contain such sensory ideas or holdsShow MoreRelatedShafer-Landau and Korsgaard 1283 Words   |  6 Pagesideas involves a rationalist perspective that rationality defines morality or that moral failings imply rational failings. This concept is supported by Shafer-Landau and Korsgaard while thinkers like Williams and Foot disagree with such a claim. It should be understood that morality and rationality are intertwined were a moral failing correlates with a rational failing. Rush Shafer-Landau believes that to act morally is to act rationally due to his core belief involving moral desire and duty. He believesRead MoreThe concept of human nature focuses on the distinctive natural characteristics of humans, namely1500 Words   |  6 Pages The concept of human nature focuses on the distinctive natural characteristics of humans, namely the ways we feel, think and act, regardless of external forces as well as influences. Within the study and discipline of Philosophy, this fundamental nature of humans and our existence is scrutinized. Philosophy involves a continuous search and lookout for an accurate understanding of the underlying traits of humankind that are deemed to be common among all humans. Starting with the ancient philosophersRead MoreComment on the Three Conditions on Market Efficiency1004 Words   |  5 PagesAn efficient capital market is one in which stock prices fully reflect available information. Professor Andrei Shleifer has suggested thre e conditions lead to market efficiency. (1)rationality, (2)independent deviations from rationality, and (3)arbitrage. This essay will examine investors’ behavioral biases and then discuss the behavioral and empirical challenges to market efficiency. In the attached article, James Montier suggested three behavioral biases that investors had. (1) illusion of controlRead MoreKant s View On Animal And The Treatment Of Them1306 Words   |  6 Pageshow Kant believes we should treat animals and his justification for theorizing it. I reason Kant’s assumption that animals are not rational or unable to be self-conscious. Third, I look at Kant’s underlining assumptions of animals and the natural world around him. I allege Kant’s assumptions on animals may lead to environmental degradation. Through this paper I aim to disprove Kant’s assumptions about animals and how his views may perpetuate further damage to the environment. Kant’s second categoricalRead MoreSolving The Costs And Benefits For Each Of Our Options1000 Words   |  4 Pagesacts of thievery since the expected benefits of committing the act obviously outweighs the cost given that â€Å"nobody would find out†. His definition of rationality is more or less similar to what most economists believe in, which is making decisions strictly based on the highest grossing financial benefits. Therefore, under his definition of rationality and irrationality, we would be acting â€Å"irrational† by succumbing to our morality and conscience, and not commit the act that would bring us the mostRead MoreEnlightenment Assessment : The Ideal Of Reason1270 Words   |  6 Pagesview of the world and a number of social upheavals, including the bloody French Revolution, which gave birth to dictatorship and terror. These forced to question the possibility of a â€Å"social contract.† Moreover, the awareness of the inhumanity of the cap italist system tarnished the ideals of absolute reason and progress. Gradually, the belief in progress and the human mind gave way to pessimism. The paper will assess the rationality of Enlightenment and its perception in the modern world. SinceRead MoreUniversalist Theory Of Universalism1237 Words   |  5 Pagesschool of thought that natural laws (divine) govern the world. He held that man can discover the natural laws and live his life by them (Greenwood and Harris, 2011). He argued that natural law contains principles that have practical rationality and the role of man as a recipient of it is to adhere to it. The judging of human action as reasonable or unreasonable takes place through the dictates of natural Law. In the theory of practical rationality, it is the superior part. According to Greenwood andRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Nietzsche’s Preparatory Human Being and Kierkegaard’s Knight of Faith1469 Words   |  6 Pagesactor of this drama† (Science 241). The preparatory human being is one who sees the world as Nietzsche does, and so his characterization is Nietzsche, and people who he sees stick out from the rest of society. The preparatory human being is one that is fit for the transition that Nietzsche sees the world around him going through. This is the destruction of the belief in God. Nietzsche proposes that the belief has receded and questions how people will be able to cope with this (Science 181). MentionedRead MoreThe Dawn Of The Enlightenment By David Hume1740 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration of concepts such as reason, human sympathy, and the authority of traditional ideas. While David Hume’s extreme skepticism challenges preconceived notions of Enlightenment values, his approach is ultimately quite reflective of the core beliefs that represent the pinnacle of Enlightenment thought; thereby reinforcing such values while simultaneously casting them in an increasingly realistic light. Firstly, Hume effectively tackles the commonly held assertion that humans are purely rationalRead MoreDavid Hume’s an Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesidea or image or impression. Such a datum is an internal, mental, subjective representation of something that I assume to be an external, physical, fact. But there are, at least, two difficulties inherent in ascribing any truth to such perceptions. If truth is understood as the adequacy between the image and the object, then it is impossible to infer that there is a true world of objects since the only evidence. From this fundamental point, human reason loses its contingency in moral issues and decision

Romantic Relationships Are Key To Our Long-Term Health

Romantic relationships are key to our long-term health and wellbeing. In relationship areas such as warmth and attractiveness, a human can view their partner a little bit more positively than they views themselves or than most other people view them. There are many ways to make a relationship last. Love, trust, and communication are three most important attributes. Love lasts as long as two people make it happen. First, no matter what type of relationship one has, love is definitely an essential. Many teenagers today have already experienced the hardship of being in a relationship with someone and being in love. Love happens at any age. At first, when you meet someone, you automatically get butterflies from the person you meet. You talk,†¦show more content†¦These particular brain regions could be the clue to why certain couples stay madly in love years, even decades, later. Some groups have argued that love is pointless and that relationships don t last that long. But sadly, this is not true. No matter how long you’ve been together, there are some simple, fundamental rules of the road. Putting them into practice isn’t always easy, but it is critical. Like for example, they have a saying it takes two people to make a baby happen also it takes two people to fall in love with each other and last long. Not every relationship is perfect but also relationships do work out as long as two make it happen. You can argue, yell at each other, kick and fight with each other but at the end of the day, you know where you stand at and you know you two will make anything work out as long as you guys want to stay together forever. People think once you break up with your partner that things will fall off. No, that s not the answer. Couples have ups and downs. Now in days, people don t realize that communication is a big role in a relationship. Without t alking to your partner about for example, how you feel about them, disagreeing with them, your problems then things are going to affect your relationship later on. Some people have never been very open to others in their life. But to be in a relationship is to take a step toward opening up your life and opening up yourself. Little lies turn into big lies. Hiding yourShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult to not be pulled into the newest trends, as they are advertised almost everywhere. There are even ways to find a romantic partner with apps and websites. The power social media has can be observed all over the world in many different settings. Sadly, this power can be both positive and negative. Though, it may be hard sometimes to see the negative aspects since our society has become so enthralled with social media. First, I will examine the trends in online dating and the surplus of peopleRead MoreRhetoric And Composition - False Accusations Of Love1445 Words   |  6 PagesLove Reruns of The Oprah Winfrey Show, countless self-help books, and friends that plan to help us out protest to the assistance in finding true love. But the more and more we search for what we may not find, we are digging ourselves deeper into our own death. We refuse to see how bad something is until it completely destroys us. As it tears us limb from limb with its vicious hopes of affection, attraction, and adornment we can t refrain from falling for the sacrilegious ways of love. Yet... SomeRead MoreBowlby’s Attachment Theory Essay example1156 Words   |  5 PagesHowever if they did not form an attachment in the sensitive period, the child may have issues or problems in their cognitive, emotional and social development. â€Å"Attachment is as essential for the child’s psychological well-being as food is for physical health claimed Bowlby† Wood, B (2001, p.54). Bowlby claimed in this statement that attachment is a necessary thing which a child needs in order to develop healthily. There is evidence from other theorists who support Bowlby’s theory of attachment such asRead MoreThe Importance Of Looking Before You Leap Essay2360 Words   |  10 PagesThe Importance of Looking Before You Leap Media portrays romantic relationships as a whirlwind of emotions that ends in a happily ever after in the course of a few days; children’s movies are a larger perpetrator of this idea. But how accurate is this to real life relationships? Research, including John Van Epp’s book â€Å"How to Avoid Falling in Love with a Jerk,† tells us that a healthy relationship is built on more than the initial emotions we feel. In chapter one of â€Å"How to Avoid Falling in LoveRead MoreFactors for a Long Lasting Relationship6043 Words   |  25 PagesFactors for a Long Lasting Relationship Among Selected Couples of Barangay San Francisco, Gen. Trias, Cavite A Descriptive type of Research about the Factors for a Long Lasting Relationship In Couples By Nathanya Claire Agtarap Rondy Kiang Alvin Beswin Submitted as a partial requirement for the Research subject at St. Aloysius Gonzaga Integrated School, General Trias, Cavite March 11, 2013 This work is lovingly dedicated to our family, friends, teachers, schoolmates, classmatesRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1225 Words   |  5 Pagesless than their women counterparts. The sex distinction in help-seeking behavior occurs even when both women and men are equally afflicted. If male help-seeking behavior is to be increased, the reason for its neglect must be considered. Increasing our awareness of factors that may deter men from exploring psychological guidance may help in accessing reluctant men, allowing them to see past their preconceived ideology of masculinity. First it is importantRead MoreRelationship Rules And Family Rules2420 Words   |  10 Pages Relationship Rules Theory Interpersonal relationships are an essential part of everyone’s life, like many other aspects of life. Relationships are also bound by rules in order for these to succeed. However these rules vary depending on the type of relationship a person has. Relationship rules theory is oriented to make several aspects of relationships more clear. These rules help identify behaviors that can be either destructive or successful in a relationship. Additionally, Relationship RulesRead MoreEthnic Reproduction and the Amniotic Deep: Joy Kogawas Obasan13316 Words   |  54 PagesChapter 28 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Introduction and overview (p. 428) Affiliation: the need for other people (p. 428) Love and intimacy (p. 428) Relationships: definitions and varieties (p. 429) Voluntary/involuntary relationships (p. 429) Arranged marriages (p. 430) Gay and lesbian relationships (p. 430) ‘Electronic’ friendships (p. 431) Different types of love (p. 431) The power of love (p. 431) Is romantic love unique to western culture? (p. 431) An evolutionary theory ofRead MoreEssay about Human Sexuality2060 Words   |  9 Pages We are born, we are named. We die, we are named. Be it the name of a new child or the title given to a hero who gives their life for the sake of many, a name is a sacred thing within our world. A name is a mark that follows us, identifies us, and lets us state our place in the world. Humans name everything we come in contact with – corporal or incorporeal. Every substance, action, or emotion has a name. Every state of being is labeled and defined. For centuries this powerful ability to give a nameRead MoreThe Powerful Juxtaposition Of Gratitude And Well Being1859 Words   |  8 Pagesgetting something for nothing† (Reis 2009, p. 774). From a clinical standpoint, gratitude is the appreciation of what is valuable to oneself; it is an overall state of thankfulness. Essentially, gratitude is a form of visualizing that transforms our gaze. Gratitude starts with recognizing the fact that nothing can be taken for granted and thus, this life we have is a precious gift. The recognition of that gift is the beginning of gratitude. A number of life experiences can provoke feelings of

A New Kind of Structure Free Essays

1. Describe the structural problems HP had. When Mark Hurd assumed his new role as CEO of HP, he soon realized that many of the company’s structural problems were related to the fact that eleven layers of management separated him from HP’s customers. We will write a custom essay sample on A New Kind of Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Top corporate customers of the company told him that they did not know whom to contact at HP to respond to their questions. HP’s head of corporate technology said that she had to wait three months to secure approval to hire 100 sales specialists. Moreover, HP’s salespeople were able to spend only about one-third of the time with customers; the remainder of their workday was spent in negotiating the bureaucracy inside of HP. 2. How did Mark Hurd decide to address his company’s structural problems? What do you think of his changes? How do you think the company’s customers responded to these changes? How about the company’s executives and sales force? In attempting to remedy the structural problems at his company, Mark Hurd first terminated the employment of underperformers and eliminated three layers of sales management. He also eliminated one sales group and merged those sales representatives into the remaining sales groups. Company executives and members of the sales force are likely pleased that the increased efficiency in the organization enables them to make decisions more quickly and to spend more time interacting with customers. Customers must be more satisfied to see that their needs and concerns are being met more effectively and efficiently. 3. Would a more mechanistic or a more organic structure be appropriate for HP? Why? Considering the rapidly changing nature of the products, and particularly the services, offered by HP, the appropriate structure for this company would have many characteristics of an organic structure. Changing times and intense competition within its industry require that HP be quickly responsive and proactive in its corporate strategy; an organic structure would be more conducive to this type of strategy. 4. What role do you think organizational structure plays in an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness? Explain. Organizational structure plays a key role in enabling a company to function smoothly, to remain responsive to its internal and external stakeholders, and to adapt to changes in the marketplace. Innovation is facilitated by fewer layers of management, and students have already learned that the survival and success of a company is usually dependent upon its ability to function as a learning organization that promotes innovation. How to cite A New Kind of Structure, Papers

Artificial Intelligence Programming Assignment Essay Example For Students

Artificial Intelligence Programming Assignment Essay Is it possible to place eight Queens on a chessboard, so that none of the Queens occupy the same row, column, or diagonal? Take a number whose square root is to be calculated, any positive number. Take a guess at the numbers square root. Calculate the square root by improving on the current guess as indicated:Next guess = (number/ current guess + current guess)/ 2 Repeat this process until the difference between the next guess and the current is within the accepted level of accuracy. The better your guess, the fewer the number of iterations needed to get the square root. A good first guess is typically half the number whose square root is to be calculated. The process is ten repeated until the desired accuracy is achieved. Determine a root of the equation f(x) = x^3-x^2-9x+9 = 0 using the Newton-Raphson method if the initial guess is x1 = 1.5. Solve the following set of linear simultaneous equations using the Gauss-Seidel method: 3.If illegal, pick the next position. 4. If no legal position is found, back up to one row. If legal positions are found for all eight rows, the problem is solved. Search the current node value to see if it equals the search value. If the search value is smaller than the current value, make the current node the left child node. Make the current node the right child node. Searches as far down the left side of the binary tree. When it encounters, NULL, the search switches to the bottom-most right child and resumes. Remove a node from the queue. This becomes the current node. Place all child nodes of the current node onto the queue. Get a positive number whose square root is to be calculated from the user. While more numbers remain, calculate firs guess, x0. Xn = 0.5 * (X (n-1) + Number/ X (n-1)) Until abs (Xn X (n 1)) *= Desired precision Get a positive number whose square root is to be calculated from the user. 1.Set number of iterations num_iter to zero. 2.Set previous estimate of the root (x_prev) to initial guess (x_init). 3.Set current estimate of the root (x_curr) to initial guess (x_init). 4.While num_iter * max_iter do the following a.Compute the value of the derivative at x_prev from derx = df (x_curr); b.If derx is less than epsilon (a value close to zero) return (1) c. Compute new estimate of the root from x_curr = x_prev f (x_prev)/ df (x_prev) e. Set new value of root equal to x_curr f.If estimate of root is within desired tolerance then return (0) The second approximation to the solution is X1 (2) = (b1 a12x2 (1) a13x3 (1))/a11 = X2 (2) = (b2 a21x1 (2) a23x3 (1))/a22 = X3 (2) = b3 a31x1 (2)-a32x2 (2)/a33 = Substituting the above values, we obtain the third approximation from X1 (3) = b1-a12x2 (2) a13x3 (2)/a11 = X2 (3) = b2-a21x1 (3) a23x3 (2)/a22 = 20 1(1.256) 2(-3.947)/ 5 = 5.328 X3 (3) = b3 a31x1 (3) a32x2 (3)/a33 = -12 3(1. 256) 2(5.328)/6 = -4.404 Bibliography: .

Moral Instinct by Steven Pinker free essay sample

Steven Pinker argues about the innate moral instincts we possess using his research on brain activity and evolutionary psychology. He believes that different cultures possess different moral mindsets based on variations of the five universal moral spheres- harm, fairness, community, authority and purity. Pinker defends statements that say we act based on our â€Å"different weightings of the spheres. † However, he points out that our moral sense is vulnerable to illusions, just as illusions in our other senses. His argument about the shudder test discusses these very illusions. In the shudder test people quickly â€Å"hit the moralization button and look for villains rather than bug fixes. † People all too often confuse â€Å"practical problems as moral crusades. † He notes that experts say our initial repugnance â€Å"may be the only voice left that speaks up to defend the central core of our humanity. † These experts advise us to â€Å"go with our gut† on such controversies like human cloning or other biomedical technologies. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Instinct by Steven Pinker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pinker, however, argues that this would be cause faulty reasoning, because there are many â€Å"good reasons to regulate human cloning† that we simply disregard on account of our moral senses. He brings up a valid point that â€Å"People have shuddered at all kind of morally irrelevant violations of purity in their culture†¦and if our ancestors’ repugnance had carried the day, we never would have had autopsies, vaccinations, blood transfusions, artificial insemination, organ transplants, and in viro fertilization, all of which were denounced as immoral when they were new. † So, many of our medical advances would have never occurred because moral rationalizations would have gotten in the way. Steven Pinker rationalizes that â€Å"Our habit of moralizing problems, merging them with intuitions of purity and contamination, and resting content when we feel the right feelings, can get in the way of doing the right thing. † He proposes that thorough further understanding of the science of moral sense we can see through these illusions brought on by evolution and culture. I agree with Steven Pinker’s argument about the â€Å"shudder test† because our initial reactions may not be entirely correct. Our gut reactions do not have any rationale behind them besides our innate moral sense constrained the culture we live in. We cannot fully understand a situation by a simple feeling. Pinker mentions how we can be â€Å"blinded by our own sanctimony† and our supposed moral actions are viewed as correct. Even the most vile and ruthless actions can be moralized by our moral compass that our culture and psychological makeup has set for us. Pinker’s rejection of the shudder test as a way to guide our actions makes perfect sense when you refer to all the morally incorrect judgments it has contributed to. In order to avoid such illusions of our innate moral sense like using the shudder test to direct our decisions, we must understand the science behind our moral instinct.

Quick Look Essays - Buddhist Ethics, Buddhist Vegetarianism

Quick Look Essays - Buddhist Ethics, Buddhist Vegetarianism Quick Look Buddha taught that in order to live a life that is free from pain and suffering people must eliminate any attachments to worldly goods. Only then will they gain a kind of peace and happiness. They must rid themselves of greed, hatred, and ignorance. They strive to cultivate four attitudes, loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity. The basic moral code prohibits killing, stealing, harmful language, sexual misbehavior, and the use of intoxicants. Morality, wisdom, and samadhi, or concentration form the cornerstone of Buddhist faith. By observing these, lust, hatred, and delusion may be overcome. This is known as Nirvana. It is a realistic goal only for members of the monastic community. The most devoted followers of the Buddha were organized into the monastic sangha. They were identified by their shaved heads and robes made of unsewn orange cloth. Many early monks wandered from place to place, settling down only during the rainy season when traveling was difficult. The Buddhist have lasted because they have the ability to adapt to changing conditions and to a variety of cultures. Monks are expected to live a life of poverty, meditation, and study. They must avoid all sexual activity. They devote themselves to work, study, and prayer. They all dress in special robes. Monks play an important part in preserving and spreading Buddhism.

Impact of stigma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impact of stigma - Essay Example They react in severely distorted manner, not because of their illness but because of the society's reaction towards their illness. The outlook of the patient changes once they witness their discrimination from rest of the individuals in the social circle. Symptomatic treatment could be alleviated by means of numerous measures encompassing medicines, exercises, physiotherapy, recreational means but the stigma linked with the mental illness may continue for complete life span (Corrigan, 2002). If not treated in a psychological manner, the stigma could culminate into a typecasting, disbelieve, terror or dodging behaviour and be able to pessimistically impact tracking down of treatment, job status and earnings, self-image and relations with those in the family and also with the society. Thus their personalities are projected as feeble willed and capricious. These features retreat patients from their close ones. Individuals with mental illness display an abnormal behaviour and distinguish ing socio-economic status. Education and awareness of parents could control the situation of the child to a greater extent. It is observed that in childhood years if appropriate and timely care is given symptoms could be diminished to a greater extent. ... On one hand they are being bothered about their disease and symptoms and on the other hand they are facing the misunderstandings about themselves, prevailing in their social circle. Accumulating these features provide them a feeling of being stripped off from numerous prospects that classify the excellence of life encompassing high-quality jobs, secure shelter, reasonable health care and association with a varied group of people (Corrigan, 2002). Research studies conducted to understand the impact of psychology, reveals that there are two kinds of stigma that a mentally ill patient views; self-stigma and social or public stigma. Public stigma finds its relation with the kind of cultural atmosphere of the individual. In some countries especially in Asian and African countries, stigma is not very imperative while in Islamic societies, stigma does not finds any place. In western world, public stigma is weighed extremely high. In western countries people have a great terror of being excl uded from their communities. The public stigma seizes the authority of the patient, i.e. the patient is thought to be highly irresponsible in all his/ her actions and pursuits. This takes away his individuality as all the decisions are taken by associates about him and the patient is deprived of taking any decision. Moreover, mentally ill individuals behave like a child due to lack of brain development. The brain of such individuals is just like a child that needs tremendous care, in certain cases they are pampered by those associated with the patient, further deteriorating their development (Lai, 2000). It is observed that people with physical disabilities are accepted in the social set-up as normal individual but those suffering with mental illness are not

Modern Art History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Art History - Assignment Example The paper "Modern Art History" will explore movements of modern art. The study analyzes cubists, suprematists etc. Some of the characteristics of cubism include openness which involves creating 3 dimensional objects into a 2 dimensional surface. A cubist therefore has to show more than one view at a time. The paintings are not based on precise art but use angles and shapes especially circles and rectangles. Cubism is broken into two spheres which include analytical and synthetic cubism. Analytical cubism involves breaking ofnatural forms and transforming them into little cubes or geometrical form. Synthetic cubism involves creating objects and focussing on the object together. Use of mixed medium is also one characteristic used by cubist as it mixes different mediums to create a composition of one surface. The artists use little cubes to depict a person or object from different views. According to Kazimir Malevich Suprematism is represented by the black icon which is found in almost all his drawings. The square presents suprematism symbol and the circle is a shape originating from the black box. The black box is an icon of suprematism according to Malevich. The black box is also referred to as a symbol creating the 3D dimension. Malevich emphasizes that the black box should not be viewed as monochrome but should be viewed as an infinite symbol of space creating openness into space. The paintings by Malevich and his disciples depicts constellations of algebra and has opened a greatfield of study. in arithmetic and mathematics. Question 3 part1 According to Clement Greenberg (Jeanne), abstract expressionism includes art that depict collective consciousness and is greater than any one nation. The abstract expressionist had difficult time putting their art into view as the world was under war. The artist had the role to turn their spirituality and express it into fine art. The artists had to ask themselves several questions including what and why they should paint a piece of art before starting any artistic piece of art. The abstract artists had to undergo a reformation from the ancient type of art such as modernism and break through to modern type of art. Artistic work from artists such as Marko Rothko shunned the dream of content surrealism hence shifting illustrative art into abstract art. This concept was picked and used by artist such as Rosenberg who depicts existentialism in his painting of ‘American action painters of 1952’. Greenberg further expresses that abstract expressionism redefined the purpose of art from social consciousness to social consciousness. The paintings and pieces of art contained meanings and messages to the society and that the meanings were to be expressed and not directly spoken or explained. The artists had to bring formal innovation and elements into their pieces of art. The use of series of colours was embraced as seen in the case of Malevich and this led to expansion field of painting by use of space line and colour. With this kind of work, abstract expressionist replaced the cult and figurative expression into universal truth as the artists expressed their personality. With the past era discriminating the women into artistic work, the abstract expressionism era embraced women and encouraged them into the artistic field. Greenberg considers Immanuel Kant as the first modernist according to his critique article (Greenberg). Kant was able to criticize different characteristics of artist through

Business Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Forecasting - Essay Example Business forecasting can be done using two methods as covered in this paper. This method of forecasting depends on the market experts and thus short-term predictions are best situated for this method of forecasting. For the method to work and attain the desired goals of the company, then experts must be involved in financial statements so as to predict and rely on measures that can be followed. If the measures outlined by the experts are followed, then short term goals and success will be accomplished (McKinley and Lee, 2005). The only disadvantage of the qualitative method of forecasting is that the management of the companies relies on the opinions of individuals or the experts who estimate the budget and provide the measurable data that is going to be used in the company. For this method to be successful in any organization then it will involve the following aspects. This simply means that the company will have to conduct a market research relating to the kind of products and services the company offers (Adams, 2000). Well carried market research will involve the number of participants in the exercise and thus it will be showing the potential customers who will use the products or services when it is launched. This method involves experts who carry general opinions and then the experts will compile that data so as to forecast on the trend. For example, the company may look at the competitive advantage over other companies, as well as corporate governance among other aspects. Quantitative model do away with human analysis but solely depends on the data. This method of forecasting also involves other variables which are predicted sales, the gross domestic products among others which are predicted for long term goals (Lawrence, 2010). Quantitative model involves the following tools. The approach depends on some indicators like unemployment rate, and the gross domestic product among others in the company. To get the indicator then a comparison and the

Types Of Tenders And Tendering Process Construction Essay

Types Of Tenders And Tendering Process Construction Essay A tender can be said as an offer to do work or supply goods at a fixed price. Initiating step of a tendering process in which qualified contractors are invited to submit sealed bids for construction or for supply of specific and clearly defined goods or services during a specified timeframe. The tender process is designed to ensure that the work to be done for client/government is given out in a fair way. For example in Malaysia, there are a number of policies known as procurement policies which guide government of Malaysia on how to make decisions on which tender to accept. Although price is very important in the decision on which tender or bid to accept, it is not the only factor taken into account. Once client/government accepts a tender, it is binding on both parties. This means that the person or company that won the tender has to provide the goods or services in the manner agreed to and at the price offered, and client/government must pay the agreed price at the agreed time. In other words, once accepted, a tender is a binding contract. 2.2 Types of tendering When talk about tendering, it is involved some kind of complicated process and procedure. Before any tendering process can be done, professional team and employer must make sure all necessary tender documents have been prepared, checked and approved. The source of the funding also must have been identified and the project financing put in place. The procedures for subsequent stages should have been established with the express consent of the employer to ensure the tendering process will go smoothly. What types of tendering that employer want to choose is depends on nature of contract, complexity of the construction, expertise needed and several reasons. But usually for the government project all over the world, is tend to make open tender to ensure the procurement and works to be done in fairly manner without prejudice. As the researcher mention before, open tender is one of the types of tendering that commonly used in this world. Actually there are several types of tender including open tender, selective tender, negotiated tender, serial tender and term tendering. 2.2.1 Open tender Open tendering is the main tendering procedures employed by both the government and private sector. The client advertises the tender offer in the local newspaper giving detail and key information of the proposed works and inviting interested contractor to tender. In the legal sense such tender notices constitute invitation to treat, a mere request by the employer for suitable contractor to submit their bids or offers. If the pre-requisite to tendering on the form of possession of the necessary registration has been identified in the tender notice, then the advertisement is directed to only that particular class of the public having the said qualifications. In order to reduce number of enquiries, earnest money is deposited (for private project). Until the receipt of a bone fide tender selected then it will be returned. Although price is very important in the decision on which tender or bid to accept, it is not the only factor taken into account. Client does not bind to accept the lowest or any offer. The advantages and disadvantages of open tender are stated below: Advantages Disadvantages It allows any interested contractor to tender. Therefore it gives opportunity for an unknown contractor to compete for the work. The tender list can be long as too many contractors tendering for one job. Allowing the tender list to be made without bias. Client will obtain the bargain possible. No favouritism in selecting contractors. Uneconomic use of source. Ensuring good competition not obliged to accept any offers. Public accountability may be questioned if the lowest offer is not accepted. Traditional method of tendering, familiar to all sector of the engineering and construction industry. Does not attract reputable and established contractor unless they are forced to, due to lack of work. Selective tender Selective tendering is the one alternatives developed to address the limitations of the open tendering procedure. In this method, a short list of contractor is drawn up and they are invited to submit tenders. The purpose of the elective tendering are to improve the quality of the bids received, to ensure that contractors with the necessary experience and competence are given the opportunity to submit the necessary bids, due to urgency work involved, for specific reasons of the employer, eg security reasons in government projects. etc. and to make the tendering procedure more manageable and less a burden on the parties involved. Such list may be prepared through recommendation from the Clients professional adviser whom have knowledge of the Contractors undertaking the work in the past or advertisement through the newspaper (prequalification). The advantages and disadvantages of the selective tendering are stated below. Advantages Disadvantages Only the competent contactors were invited to tender, then the lowest can be accepted. Reduces the availability of work for other contractors especially new contractors. It reduced the cost of tendering (economic use of resources, reduced tender documentation, shorter tender periods, better management of the tender process, etc.) Tender Price may invariably higher than would have been in open tendering. Greater chance of collusion. Tendering period longer because it involved two distinct stages. Favoritisms may occur in the short listing. Two Stage Selective Tender Two stage selective tendering combined elements of competition and negotiation into a formula where the employer could utilize the contractors expertise at an early stage of the project cycle so as to maximize innovation, ingenuity and quality and simultaneously optimize cost, time and resource input. A contractor is selected competitively early in the design process. The tender documents contain approximately quantities of the major value items. As design and planning proceed, the final tender is developed from cost and priced data supplied with the initial tender. Two stage selective tendering was very popular in developed countries. It was different from selective tendering because has two (2) distinct stages namely: Selection of suitable contractor This involves the selection of a suitable contractor and the establishment of a level of pricing for subsequent negotiations. The objective is to select suitable contractor as early as possible is to work together with the professional team and to establish a level of pricing for subsequent negotiation. The criteria for short listing is normally confined to items such as technical and financial capability, experience in similar works and extent of resources (manpower, plant and equipment). The pricing document should be flexible enough to cater for adjustment of price fluctuation for the period between two stages and the pricing of the second stage. In selecting a suitable candidate, a basis for pricing the subsequent second stage should be established accordingly. Determination of Contract Price Once a suitable contractor is selected, he will work together with the project team start contributing to the pre contract process in his capacity as unbiased but independent construction expert. This contractor will contribute the following: Contribution as a Technical Advisor to the Design Process Practical Skills and Buildability Minimization of Project Delay During this stage, a negotiation to reach an agreement on the final contract price is undertaken and the pre contract process is perfected. If no agreement being reached, the employer has an option to abandon the tendering exercise and re-tender the works using any other tendering procedure. The application of two stage selective tendering might be appropriate where the works are a very complicated nature, where at the time of selection of the contractor, the magnitude of the work may not be known with sufficient certainty and where it is an essential pre-requisite for works to be finished by an early completion date. Table below are some advantages and disadvantage of two stages selective tendering. Advantages Disadvantages Benefit of the contractors expertise in buildability, specialist knowledge in proprietry systems, project scheduling, etc resulting in value for money. Its application requires a high level of familiarity and commitment on the part of employers and contractors. Early commencement of work at site even when the magnitude of the works is not known with sufficient certainty at the time of site possession. Owing to a relatively smaller element of competition, but on the other hand higher negotiations content, the tender process is relatively more expensive and longer than other common procedures. Savings of time due to the overlap of the design and tendering stage. Should the second stage be deadlocked or result in no acceptable agreement being reached, the tender process has to be initiated all over again, albeit, through a different route. This incurs a time and cost penalty to the project as a whole. The procedure utilizes the best aspects of both competition and negotiation to arrive at the most favourable arrangement at an optimum firm price before work commences. This procedures requires a high level of commitment, integrity and good faith on the part of both sides which sadly is usually lacking, hence the apparent failures encountered to date. Since the contractor is part of the project team at a very stage of the project, this results in better communication and information flow. Generally there will be fewer claims and disputes in the post contract award stage due to the contractors involvement at the design / pre contract stage. Experience has shows that the contractor has a clearer understanding of the requirements and a better appreciation of the intricacies of the design and contract documentations. Negotiation Tender Negotiation tendering is extensively used in the engineering and construction industry commencing from tendering till dispute resolutions, i.e. under the styles of pre-contract negotiations and post contract negotiations. Usually with single contractor but may be up to three contractors. Negotiation process involves are as follows: Identification by the employer of a suitable contractor to negotiate with. The contractor can be selected either from the employers own list of preferences or on the advice of the professional team. The contractor being apprised of the workscope. The selected contractor is issued with details such as the scope of work involved, relevant drawings, design and /or information to enable him to appreciate the extents of obligations and the employers actual needs. Some employers prepare and issue to the contractor proper tender documents inclusive of a nominated bills of quantities to assist contractor in pricing the works for the forthcoming negotiations. Negotiations can be applied to the following type of contract: In Partnering type of contracts under the so called win-win formula. Where the employer has a long term business relationship with the contractor. In situations where the parties are in a relationships of holding and subsidiary companies. Where the contractor is involved in the financing of the project. In situations where the employer finds it advantages to employ the same contractor to continue an initial or existing contract for the new works Where there is a pressing need to have a very early start of work on the site and to complete the works on a fast tract basis. In special circumstances e.g. Security reasons, emergencies etc where it is expedient to secure the services of a particular contractor only. Where there is only a single contractor who is the only one available or with ether the special skill or resources to carry out the particular works. The employers resources are either limited or constrained thereby making the use of the other tendering impractical. Advantages Disadvantages Only reputable contractor are invited for negotiation. The cost work is likely higher than competitive tender. The Contractor can contribute his expertise during design stage. Reduces the availability of work for other contractors. Early Commencement of work on site. It shortens the period involved in appointing the contractor. Should the negotiations be deadlock or prove eventually unsuccessful, this causes wastage of valuable resources on both sides and loss of time for the employer, thereby delaying the overall selection of suitable contractor. Reduce risk of failure Best alternatives for the employer to adopt is special circumstances such as emergencies, security reasons and etc. Experience has shows that contracts let out this basis result in fewer disputes and claims during the construction stage. Term Tender Term tendering normally used on major maintenance projects. It may be awarded to a contractor to cover a range of different buildings in different locations. It is often limited to a fixed time scale, although the needs of the client may often require this to be extended. It is like a standing offer to undertake a loosely defined extends of work usually within a fixed time period. The type of work is usually specified and priced in a schedule of rates. The contractor will initially be offered the work to cover a number of different trades usually on the basis of prices contained in a schedule prepared by the client.Where the client supplies the rates for the work, the contractors are given the option of quoting a percentage addition or deduction from these rates depending upon their desire to win the project. The contractor offering the most advantageous percentage to the client will then be awarded the contract. An indication of the amount of work expected over the specified period of time will assist the contractors in the consideration of the percentage to be quoted. 2.3 Conventional Tendering Process As the researcher mentioned before, this chapter will focus on conventional tender while the next chapter will focus on electronic tendering. Therefore readers will see clearly background on conventional tendering and electronic tendering. Conventional tendering process will involve pre-tender stage, tender advertisement stage, closing of tender, tender opening process, tender evaluation process and finally tender award. 2.3.1 Pre-tender Stage At pre-tender stage, when the clients have an idea, client will appoint consultant to discuss further about the project. Consultant will do their job, advising, managing the tender and contract, and also transfer the idea into the drawing. At this stage client and consultants will brainstorming about the scope, time to complete and budget that client willing to allocate. Researcher believes that pre-tender stage is most crucial matter because it will initiate the next step of a project. If the pre-tender stage is failed, the project will not successfully complete. 2.3.2 Tender Advertisement Tender advertisement also called tender notice. The conventional tender notice will advertise in local newspaper. In tender notice, basic requirement should be appearing are: Title of the project. Class of contractor, head and subhead needed. Location, date, and time to obtain the tender document. Fees for tender document. Location, date and time for submission of tender doc. 2.3.3 Closing of Tender In tender notice will mention the time and date of tender closing process. If the contractors fail to submit their bids within specific time and date, it considers the contractors refuse to bid for the tender. At that time also tender validity period is started. At this period, contractors can withdraw back their bids if they are no more interested to fight for the tender. Consultant use this period to make assessment and evaluation each of the offers. 2.3.4 Tender Opening and Evaluation Process Quantity surveyors usually will handle tender opening process. In order to preserve the integrity of the competitive process, it is imperative that the evaluation of proposals is undertaken objectively, consistently and without bias towards particular suppliers.   Tenders are usually evaluated against a pre-determined set of criteria. The evaluation of the tenders shall be prepared the soonest possible after the tender opening. A report prepared by the Quantity Surveyor will describe the findings of the said evaluation and it will be supported by tables and graphs. In the end, the Quantity Surveyor will recommend which tenderer, who in his opinion, is the most suitable to undertake to execute the project. 2.3.5 Tender Award An evaluation team will examine each tender received and make recommendations as to which tender represents best value for money.   Once the contract has been awarded, both the successful and unsuccessful tenderers will be notified. Once the final decision has been made on the tender award, the tender administrator creates the tender results notification which is in letter form, and then sent to all participating contractors.

The Benefits of the Death Penalty Essay -- Cause Effect Capital Punish

   Fifty-nine criminals were put to death by means of the death penalty in 2004. Whether it had been by lethal injection, electrocution, gas chamber, hanging or even the firing squad was it the correct thing to do? This is a commonly asked question concerning this controversial topic. Should these criminals, murders, and rapists have be put to death? Is the death penalty a proper form of punishment? As Sellin stated, "Whenever hurt is done you shall give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth..." (9). Is the death penalty morally wrong? Anti Death penalty advocates argue life is "so" sacred that we shouldn't even be taking the lives of murderers, but what about the innocent people that died because of that murder. Steven D. Stewart, Prosecuting Attorney for Clark County, Indiana, put it best, " I believe life is sacred. It cheapens the life of an innocent murder victim to say that society has no right to keep the murderer from ever killing again. In my view, society has not only the right, but the duty to act in self defense to protect the innocent" (12). Another controversial topic rendering to the death penalty is cost. Is it really more expensive to keep a criminal in prison for life or is it worth while to sentence them to death? Statistics show that the cost of sentencing an individual to life imprisonment and sentencing an individual to the death penalty are generally equivalent to one another. It is the actual act of the execution that raises the costs. To many people the costs seem strange and useless, but to those who lost a loved one to that criminal find it relieving knowing that there is no way he will ever return. In fact, in a survey conducted in 1995, 74% of people support capital punishment even if th... ...ential.org.dpic/feddp.html 8.) "Innocence and the Death Penalty." Death Penalty Information Center [Online]. November 9, 1999. Available: http://www.essential.org/dpic/innoc.html 9.) Kamis, Theodore. "Capital Punishment on Trial: Which Side is Corect?" [Online]. November 9, 1999. Available: http://users.hsonline.net/beamer/cappun2.html 10.) Paper Presented Before the House of Parliament. "The Death Penalty Will Discourage Crime, 1701." The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven Press, 1986. 11.) "Pragmatic Arguments Against The Death Penalty." [Online]. November 9, 1999. Available: http://pages.prodigy.com/DC/vortex/prag.html 12.)Stewart, Steven D.. "The Death Penalty: A Message from the Procecuting Attorny." Office of the Clark County Prosecuting Attorney [Online]. November 9, 1999. Available: http:www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death.htm

William Wilberforce: the Christian Politician: a Look at How His Faith Influenced His Career and the Abolishment of Slavery

| William Wilberforce: The Christian Politician| A Look at How His Faith Influenced His Career and the Abolishment of Slavery| | â€Å"They took me in the night, ripped me away from my family. Tried my wrists and took my dignity. I was sold for coins like we sell cattle; my ‘owner’ led me to a ship with hundreds more like me, I was cuffed to another, feet to wrists to neck. We were forced on board and sent in between decks and into apartments.As we set out for sea and the days pass, at night I lay in my own waste and during the day I feel nothing but pain and hear nothing but the splash of the waves and the moaning of the others† (Falconbridge 1788) (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). This account of the experience of a slave does not come close to enforcing the reality of the brutality of what these slaves went through. This is, however, what William Wilberforce spent his entire political career, and until his death, to abolish.Through his faith and prominence in the British g overnment in the late 1700s through to the early 1800s he was determined to end this brutality against fellow human beings. In the film Amazing Grace, Wilberforce’ political career was depicted as a great success by his belief in God, his determination, ability to speak in public persuasively with prominence and passion, and the support of his friends and wife; and in this success he was able to fulfill his dream and calling to forever abolish slave trade in the British Empire.In the 2006 film Amazing Grace, director Michael Apted, tells the story of William Wilberforce and his journey from becoming an evangelical Christian and politician, through his movement in parliament for the abolishment of slavery to his success in the abolishment and his death. His character and career is beautifully depicted through his acts and in the way works his way through British parliament in order to fulfill his dream (or calling) of ending the transatlantic slave trade. The film also depicts the influence different people had in his life as a Christian politician.Since his birth in 1759 he lived in pre-Victorian England until his death in 1833. He was actively taking part in parliament from 1780 to 1825, which was time where the upper-class expressed outward Christianity, but also took part in gambling and duelling (White 2008). In 1787 was when Wilberforce seriously started to take part in government; wrote in his diary: â€Å"God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners† (Windschuttle 2008) (Colson and Morse 2007); these are the two things he would eventually make a great difference in.At the start of his career in 1780, Wilberforce was just like the other upper-class men in high positions. He visited gentleman’s clubs almost every night, gambling and drinking late into the night. He also became famous for singing at the parties he went to and had a good singing voice (Windschuttle 2 008). Wilberforce converted to evangelical Christianity at the age of twenty six. â€Å"He underwent a process of self-examination, doubt, agony and awakening† (Windschuttle 2008). In the film, he was sitting in a field behind his house early in the morning.He was confused, but sure that faith was the path he was supposed to take, and he professed this in a letter to his good friend and soon to be Prime Minister of England, William Pitt (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). Pitt wanted Wilberforce on his side in government, so he introduced him to some people, including Thomas Clarkson, a slave trade abolitionist all over the world, and Olaudah Equiano, an African who was taken into slavery as a child, bought his freedom and wrote an account of his own experiences in his autobiography called The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equian.This introduction would be the beginning of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. It was this new committee that opened Wilberforceâ €™s eyes to the possibility of combining his new found faith in evangelical Christianity with his passion for politics. A key belief of evangelism was the idea of providence; that God in involved in every aspect and event in life, no matter how small. For Wilberforce, God gave him a seat in parliament for a reason: â€Å"God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners† (Windschuttle 2008).With these two visions in mind he set out with his team to end slavery for once and for all, but it would not be an easy journey, as is depicted in the film. Wilberforce spent over twenty years on this mission, fighting both members of opposition parties in the House of Commons as well as illness and bad physical health (Colson and Morse 2007). Wilberforce also sought out the advice of John Newton, a previous slave ship captain and the writer of the inspiring hymn â€Å"Amazing Grace†. The song itself was quite pr ominent in the film.Not only because it is the title of the film, but also because it can be seen as the anthem for anti-slavery. The song was an inspiration, and a symbol of a new beginning; it can be heard in its lyrics and it can be seen in the events of the film. At the first meeting with Newton, Wilberforce was looking for the advice of a troubled man, one who was â€Å"†¦in the company of twenty thousand Africans† (Ioan Gruffudd 2006) and haunted by his past, yet unable to speak of the horrors he caused.Although Newton did not share his experience with Wilberforce, he did encourage him to take on the challenge that God has set before him by saying â€Å"you have work to do† (Ioan Gruffudd 2006), â€Å"Newton calmed Wilberforce and strengthened his resolve, urging him to combine his new religious beliefs with his existing political career† (Windschuttle 2008). With this conformation of what to do, Wilberforce was ready to take on the abolition of the s lave trade. Wilberforce’s character was attractively depicted in the film.Stating out with his love for animals early on in the film, even in his form of ill wealth, he was willing to get out in the rain to defend a horse that was being beaten (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). His love for animals can be seen throughout the whole film, including multiple dogs and a rabbit. The passion Wilberforce felt for animals, though, does not come close to what he felt for the rights of human beings. A glimpse of this can be seen when Prince William, the Duke of Clarence calls his slave into the club where they were gambling.This inhumanity offended Wilberforce to the point that he could not be in the same building as the Duke and ended the game (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). This was also where he had his revelation of what he should fight for, who he should fight for. To change society is to change the minds and actions of the public. For Wilberforce the key to this layed in the concept of evangelical Chri stianity; â€Å"Evangelicals also believed Christian principles should be applied to all areas of life. Worldly indulgences were to be avoided and leisure was an opportunity not for entertainment but personal renewal† (Windschuttle 2008).This then, left no room for the things that Wilberforce himself once indulged in such as gambling and drunkenness. Britain’s upper-class morality was in decline, so Wilberforce had a proclamation issued by King George ?, with the help of his friend and Prime Minister Pitt and the Archbishop of Canterbury, denouncing impiety and extravagance (Windschuttle 2008) and organized the organization called â€Å"Society for Giving Effect to His Majesty's Proclamation against Vice and Immorality†.This would be the first steps he took towards his goal of the Abolition; Wilberforce needed to â€Å"purify† the minds of society, before he could open their eyes to the inhumanity of the transatlantic slave trade because only when they ar e moral beings with value for life, will they understand the horrors their indulgences (such as sugar) cause. â€Å"It was Wilberforce’s aim to reform the middle and upper classes, and thus end slavery and improve morality† (White 2008).In the film Wilberforce introduces the â€Å"Madagascar†, a slave ship, to a group of upper-class philanthropists as part of his quest to reach out to people about morality and slavery, urging them to open their minds and hearts to the suffering of the slaves being transported in these ships. He shows them the shackles and explains the smell coming from the ship as â€Å"the smell of death† (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). Although, this scene may not be historically accurate in that it may not have happened, the truth is distorted in order to show the importance of reaching the upper-class and the opening of their eyes and minds to the pain their luxury caused.In 1797 Wilberforce wrote a book called A Practical View of the Prevailin g Religious Systems of Professed Christians in the Higher and Middle Classes in this Country Contrasted with Real Christianity whose message spread like wild fire among the middle and upper class society. His rhetoric as well as his writing transformed the way society thought of social matters such as slavery and human rights (and animal rights too! ). Throughout his ventures in reaching out to the public, Wilberforce always kept in mind the will of God, and the goals that He has set before him.And in doing so, he realised, that one task cannot be done without the other as one member of the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade said (in the film) â€Å"If you make the world better in one way, it becomes better in every way†, a statement that is bold, and yet, have truth to it. Change in the world may not always come easy or with immediate results, but no matter how small or big the change, someone will benefit or experience some form of loss from it. For Wilberforceà ¢â‚¬â„¢ society, â€Å"culture needed to change if politics were to change.And only in this cultural change would a society have hope for its future† (White 2008). Wilberforce’s wife, Barbara Spooner, was a great source of inspiration to him in finishing his work for the Abolition. As portrayed in the film, Wilberforce seemed to have given up, until he met the younger Miss. Spooner. She urged him to talk and share his thoughts about the slave trade and ultimately convinced him to give the Abolishment another try (Ioan Gruffudd 2006). She was also there for him during the worst times of his sickness, and the mother of his children.Perseverance was another aspect that pushed Wilberforce to continue. The lawyer James Stephen proposed a change of tactics for the abolitionists. â€Å"Cheating†, according to the film was the new tactic. They would propose a different bill as a start to soften up to House members: The Foreign Slave Trade Bill. This bill would ban the B rits from helping or participating in the slave trade to the French colonies. This was a clever move since the majority of British ships were raising American flags and supplying slaves to foreign colonies with who Britain was at war with (Ioan Gruffudd 2006).The ban would decrease the profits of the captains and various business men and negatively affect the investors who were also involved in the House of Commons. Following this bill was The Slave Trade Act, â€Å"in 1807, Wilberforce finally succeeded in passing a law to end the slave trade. But, his work came to full fruition only in the year of his death, 1833, when all slaves in the British Empire were emancipated† (White 2008). The film makes a great point of the importance of determination and passion for success.These factors are of great importance for promoting positive social change, whether is it the abolition of slave trade or saving child soldiers in Uganda. No cause is small enough to ignore or give up on when it involves the life of a living, breathing being. The film places a great amount of emphasis on the role of Wilberforce in the abolition because he can be seen as a wonderful role model and example for leaders and humanitarians. Although Wilberforce was certainly not the only person nvolved in the abolition of the slave trade, there is surely something to be learned from him. They can learn from his passion, commitment and also from his love for all living things, and made a difference in society, not with a hidden agenda, but with an open heart and mind, the way a Christian should. God sat two tasks before Wilberforce: to reform society, back to one with proper Christian morals and values, and the abolishment of the slave trade. Without a doubt Wilberforce succeeded in both of these tasks, but it was not an easy road to success.Fighting through chronic illness and parliament he fought for about fifty years to complete his calling, but he did not do it without help. His talent for rhetoric and public speaking was his gateway to success, and with the help of many friends including Clarkson, Pitt, Newton, his wife Barbara and the Will of God, he was able to put a stop to the inhumanity of the transatlantic slave trade and the horrors that came with it. He was able to die in peace, knowing that he fulfilled the tasks that he was destined to. Bibliography Colson, Charles, and Anne Morse. The Wilberforce Strategy: Britain's great abolitionist worked to change society's values, not just its laws. † Christianity Today, 2007: 132-318. Falconbridge, Alexander. An Account of Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa. London: James Phillips, 1788. Amazing Grace. Directed by Michael Apted. Performed by Albert Finney, Michael Gambon Ioan Gruffudd. 2006. White, John. â€Å"Christian Responsibility to Reform Society: the Example of William Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect. † Paternoster Periodicals, 2008: 166-172. Windschuttle, Keith. â€Å"William Wilberforce: The Great Emancipator. New Criterion, 2008: 17-24. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. I made this viewpoint up, with the help of the contents in â€Å"An Account of the Slave Trade from the Coast on the Africa† as well as Olaudah Equiano’s account in Amazing Grace. [ 2 ]. It was important for them to connect with the upper-class because that’s where the money and power was, both in terms of authority and of trend. Lower-classes were also reached by Wilberforce and his team and showed great success in changing their society (White 2008).

Thank you letter Essay Example

Thank you letter Essay Example Thank you letter Essay Thank you letter Essay HER Shared Services Bon Course Health System Norfolk, VA, US Dear Ms Coleman: I am writing to you with sincere appreciations for your time and consideration for interviewing me on behalf of the coder II central coding position within your Bon Course Health system facility. To reiterate my interest in this position, I am confident that I exhibit equivalent medical coding knowledge that is essential to performing my Job professionally and efficiently. I have complete of the MM Encoder ND Soft-Med systems, posting co-pays, verifying Information for accuracy. Along with a keen eye for detail needed when reviewing patients information. As we discussed, I demonstrated effective knowledge of Interpreting ACID-II and CPA coding perfectly. As I stated, although my experience within the healthcare field is limited, I am especially familiar with the universal medical billing practices, health insurance policies, pertinent legal and regulatory Issues and the differences In reimbursement methods. With my sharpened Interpersonal skills, computer skills, accurate data entry skills, and my excellent attention to detail and follow up skills, I believe I would development the acquired experience along the way. Lading me In learning effectively and promptly within the giving position. My gratitude for your time and for considering me Is measurable. I would love to be a part of the Bon Course Health System team and feel I will be a valuable asset to the company. I look forward to your response and decision soon. Thanks once again. Sincerely, [emailprotected] Mom thank you letter By Lenore] and Soft-Med systems, posting co-pays, verifying information for accuracy. Along with demonstrated effective knowledge of interpreting ACID-II and CPA coding perfectly. Policies, pertinent legal and regulatory issues and the differences in reimbursement methods. With my sharpened interpersonal skills, computer skills, accurate data development the acquired experience along the way.

Thomas Edisons Invention Factory in Menlo Park

Thomas Edison's Invention Factory in Menlo Park Thomas Edison was behind the formation of the first industrial research laboratory, Menlo Park, a place where a team of inventors would work together to create new inventions. His role in forming this invention factory gave him the nickname the Wizard of Menlo Park. Menlo Park, New Jersey Edison opened a research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ, in 1876. This site later become known as an invention factory, since Edison and his employees worked on several different inventions at any given time there. It was there that Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, his first commercially successful invention. The New Jersey Menlo Park laboratory was closed in 1882, when Edison moved into his new larger laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey. The Wizard of Menlo Park Thomas Edison was nicknamed The Wizard of Menlo Park by a newspaper reporter after his invention of the phonograph while at Menlo Park. Other important achievements and inventions that Edison created at Menlo Park included: A carbon button transmitter (aka microphone) and the induction coil that greatly improved the telephoneAn improved bulb filament and successful incandescent light bulbThe first underground electrical systemA prototype electric railway was constructed at Menlo ParkThe founding of the Edison Electric Light CompanyChristie Street in Menlo Park became the worlds first street to be lit by incandescent light bulbs.In fact, Menlo Park became a tourist attraction because of the novelty of lighting.Edison applied for over 400 patents for inventions made at Menlo Park. The Land of Menlo Park Menlo Park was part of rural Raritan Township in New Jersey. Edison bought 34 acres of land there in late 1875. The office of a former real estate company, at the corner of Lincoln Highway and Christie Street, became Edisons home. Edisons father built the main laboratory building on the block south of Christie Street between Middlesex and Woodbridge Avenues. Also built was the glass house, a carpenters shop, a carbon shed, and a blacksmith shop. By the Spring of 1876, Edison moved his full operations to Menlo Park.

Individual Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual - Assignment Example The company cannot achieve its mission with engaging adequately strategies to ensure development and maintenance of superior quality products and services, maintaining affordable prices for the products, ensuring consumer have adequate knowledge about the products, strategies to outcompete the rivals, etc. (Steers et al., 34). Improving the productivity of workers can help the company to reduce the cost of production, increase quality of products and improve productivity of the company (Schreck 24). I recommend Starbucks to focus on streamlining the workforce in order to ensure the competent workforce. Furthermore, the company should motivate employees by giving them better remunerations and other benefits in order to reduce workers turnover and cost of replacing the employees who have already left the organization. Well-motivated employees are more productive and will take more time to improve the quality of services and products offered by the organization (Wetherly & Otter 253). One of the core objectives of Starbucks is to produce quality products and services to the consumers (Ahlstrom & Bruton 9). The company should obtain feedback from the customers regarding what users need in order to devise strategies that can lead to better products and services. In the recent, the company has increased its presence in the society through social media (Bicky & Kwok 201). Therefore, the Starbuck management should ensure consider the consumers information and engage them in providing accurate information that can increase product improvement. The company should research on various product designs needed by consumers through effective communication and ensure they offer innovative products to the customers in order to provide increase client’s satisfaction (Wetherly & Otter 267). Starbucks experience stiff competition from other companies

Has Football Become a Global Game Dissertation

Has Football Become a Global Game - Dissertation Example In a more progressive deregulated world of football, the organizations that generate spectator sports championships are being focused on and privatized under the pressures of an established market growth. This ideology for globalizing football and its promotion to Southeast Asia has been the momentum for new location approaches that influence all the different parties in football, private and public investors, governing bodies, public authorities, the common public and the leagues themselves. The features of each country's entertainment football industry are emphasized and employed to discard light on a social development that is underway since the inferences of global alteration in sports certainly go beyond football. The examination of developments football in Southeast Asia, in fact, seems to be a suitable means to gain insight into wider society and culture. After presenting the development and professionalization of football in Southeast Asia, this study will also examine the future plans of Fifa in Asian football industry. The study will then look at the significance of Southeast Asian football industry to the globalization of football as sports. The first part of the study is the literature review which features the different published materials regarding the changes in Football since 1990, the different football association like the Manchester United, TV coverage of European football across Asia, and Fifa’s plans in Southeast Asia. The second part will be the research methodology, after the data gathering, the data were analyzed in the third part that has given a strong conclusion in the final part. In the 1990’s Asia has its six countries participating in the football league and these are China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan and yet in football terms, only two Asian countries, Japan and Korea, are in the top 50 countries of the world (Kang, 2002).

Misuse of Emergency Services - Particularly Fire and EMS Essay

Misuse of Emergency Services - Particularly Fire and EMS - Essay Example This paper seeks to identify the reasons why people misuse emergency services, in this case the emergency medical services and fire emergency services. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) serves to provide emergency medical care to affected people. This is a system that is well coordinated, and includes response and emergency medical care, driven by different people and agencies. On the other hand, the fire and emergency services comprises highly trained personnel, who hold the responsibility of reducing loss of life and property, which is caused by fire, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks, among others. The personnel are trained in firefighting. These are also knowledgeable and competent in rescue techniques, and sometimes in emergency medical services, search and rescue, among other. There are various conditions that qualify use of emergency services. For instance, it is right to call emergency medical services when one’s life is in danger due to an illness. In addition, one may call emergency medical services when they are sick, and unable to transport themselves to hospital. Furthermore, in case of a traffic accident involving many casualties, one may call emergency medical services. On the other hand, emergency fire services are provided in cases involving fire. Although the cases where one might call emergency medical and fire services are clearly outlined, many people have continued to call these emergency services in irrelevant cases. Nonetheless, calling emergency services in cases where they do not apply is misusing emergency services. There are various reasons why people misuse emergency services. The major reason is that the emergency lines are toll free. This means that a person can call emergency services line without being charged. For this reason, many people call emergency services for nonsense reasons, since they know that it does not cost them anything.

Life without Art Essay Example for Free

Life without Art Essay Life without art is boring and dull. But often at times, art is a subject that is underestimated in schools. The art courses in many schools are being cut back across the country. Many classrooms now have little supplies, and some courses are being taken away entirely. There are many reasons to which students need the aspect of art education in their curriculum, whether it is because it is an outlet for them to explore their creativity, or to work in a way that is soothing and in a stress- free environment. Art should be a mandatory subject to be taught in elementary and middle school as a child is growing up, but cutting back on art programs in schools seems to be a common solution to budget cuts since the 1970s when budget cuts began. Fewer public schools are offering art classes, whether it is in drama, dance, or visual art. This decline is due to budget cuts and an increased focus on math, science, and reading. Unfortunately, art classes are the first to be cut from schools, because the arts aren’t taken as seriously as subjects such as math and science because the arts programs are the first to be cut. This is a major problem in education. The movement to cut art from many schools has been growing in recent years. Education cuts are becoming more prevalent as schools face tough decisions on budgets. Unfortunately, art classes are usually some of the first victims of these cuts. Recent protests in California reflect the growing concern about budget cuts. Schools have already made cuts of $18 billion in California and more cuts totaling $4. 1 billion may be necessary (Kirkland 1). California is not the only state facing this situation. Lower tax revenues, increasing prices and the slow economic recovery have created problems across the United States. The event of recent cuts in the art programs is a serious issue, and when I become an art teacher I want to take a stand against it and teach my students how important art is in school. Why do people view art as a â€Å"light† or and â€Å"unimportant† subject? In the old days, fine art was considered a hobby for the rich and privileged. Now, it is talked down upon. According to Olivia Hauck, the author of 2009-10: Against Cutting Art and Music Programs in School, the study of music, theatre, and other forms of art have been shown to stimulate other parts of students’ minds and even keep them out of gangs and other harmful situations (1). Art and music programs in schools provide a different kind of learning environment that supplies alternative activities, while avoiding bad behavior. If kids are having fun in this different kind of stress free and expressive environment, they will be less likely to want to go and act recklessly. The arts are a way to present opportunities for jobs to students and other forms of self-discipline. Art increases critical thinking skills and enhances creativity, because drawing and working with different mediums to create pictures is expanding thinking and working on solving problems in a new way. This is important, especially for students that aren’t skilled at math or science. Art is crucial in schools so students have the opportunity to explore their interests and passions. The students that are affected by cuts in the art programs may not be able to afford private lessons or classes after school. And for some of these students, arts are what pushes them to continue going to school. Bob Sabol, president of the National Art Education Association, says, You hear students say, I found out who I was because I was able to explore my identity in the visual arts. ’ It validates who they are as individuals† (2). Art programs in education make it possible for students to explore themselves and their talents, which is the most important aspect of school. Its the responsibility of educators to make sure that every kid is exposed to the arts, that they get their shot at being creative because — who knows — the person who cures something like cancer will probably be somebody who thinks like an artist† (Stauter, 1). Having an open mind and seeing things in different ways makes a person more likely to succeed in all areas of life. You could have a budding Beethoven that could go undiagnosed because you didnt have a music teacher to identify and nurture that talent, said Debbie Fahmie, fine- and performing-arts resource teacher for Osceola County. If schools had no fine art classes, many students would have no opportunity to identify and develop their talent. They would be forced to go into fields that aren’t meant for them. Students are our future, and a future education without fine art could mean no more musicians, artists, actors, etc. Our world would be bland and lifeless without our artists, and the last thing that should be cut from schools are the art programs. I believe that all schooling should be divided into science, humanities and art. Science deals with the concrete, direct figures, and numbers that neglect emotions and view all humans as representatives of the living world and nothing more. Humanities are the classes that deal with the behavior, problems, and society. Art on the other hand is the subject that deals with the forms and beauty and allows us to think of the things around us as of useful objects that are worth our attention, time and effort. It should be treated just as equally as all other subjects. When I become an art teacher, I will make sure that I stress how important art is. I will show my students that art goes into all aspects of life. I want to expose my students with all different kinds of art, and encourage them to take different classes like drama, music of creative writing. It is important that students experiment with these subjects, because if not they may not have a chance to discover their passion. Cutting art programs in schools will be detrimental to education, especially for students that are more creative thinkers than concrete ones. Students mold our future, and they need to be able to explore their creativity as they grow up.

The ecological approach to classroom management

The ecological approach to classroom management An ecological approach to classroom and behaviour management accounts for the distinct individuality of each teaching setting. Such environments constitute a fusion of the many unique experiences, needs and expectations of their individual occupants. Hence, an ecological perspective embraces, attends to and nourishes this heterogeneity through the construction and maintenance of proactive, inclusive and positive learning environments. In the secondary school setting, this needs-based approach is both valuable and practical. (Arthur-Kelly, Lyons, Butterfield Gordon, 2003) Bronfenbrenner (1979, p.16) posits that behavior evolves as an interplay between person and environment. In the secondary classroom socio-cultural factors that have helped to shape each individual are also at play. These include race, family dynamics, gender, socioeconomic status, values and attitudes (Arthur-Kelly et al., 2003). As students mature, their histories of interacting with significant others must also be considered. For example, children with easygoing dispositions generally evoke positive reactions from social counterparts whereas those with less favourable dispositions attract negative, impatient or punitive responses. These bi-directional relationships may have contributed to lasting developmental effects (Berk, 2009). In educational settings coercive interactions, deficient teaching strategies and unfavourable learning environments may also lead to ingrained behavioural deficits (Conroy, Sutherland, Haydon, Stormont Harmon, 2009). Using an ecological approach, the classroom may be viewed as an ecology consisting of connected and intertwined personalities, activities, procedures and occurrences, all of which may impact upon behaviour (Arthur-Kelly et al., 2003). In comprehensively examining student behaviour, it is essential that all ecological contributions are identified and considered. With this approach, the relationship between the adolescent and influential environment factors is considered most critical rather than any suspected or diagnosed issues that the student may present with (Johnson Fullwood, 2006). This facilitates proactive manipulation or adjustment of the environmental context in which the behaviour occurs. Additionally, it ensures that actions are not merely reactive but seek to address causative imbalances (Arthur-Kelly et al., 2003). An ecological approach concerns itself with the construction and maintenance of positive learning environments comprised of effective preventative measures, targeted interventions where necessary and the fostering of student self-discipline. The provision of well delivered, engaging classroom activities that are perceived as worthwhile and meaningful by students, and attention to building positive, cooperative relationships are also imperative. An inclusive environment where students feel safe to contribute is created. In this way, classroom management becomes a collaborative process. The teachers task involves a cycle of providing structure, warmth and guidance, encouraging participation and belongingness, then monitoring and adjusting as necessary. (Osher, Bear, Sprague Doyle, 2010) In secondary classrooms, teachers face multiple challenges. By employing an ecological approach, the learning environment is enhanced, allowing students to share the burden by learning to participate constructively within a nurturing, dynamic system (Osher et al., 2010). Much research exists that extols the ecological approach as both practical and successful (Osher et al., 2010). Moreover, it is positively correlated with social and personal developmental gains and enhanced academic outcomes (McLeod, Fisher Hoover, 2003; Osher et al., 2010). 4 References Arthur-Kelly, M., Lyons, G., Butterfield, N., Gordon, C. (2003). Classroom management: Creating positive learning environments. (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, VIC: Cengage Learning Australia. Berk, L. E. (2009) Child development. (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Conroy, M., Sutherland, K., Haydon, T., Stormont, M., Harmon, J. (2009). Preventing and ameliorating young childrens chronic problem behaviors: An ecological classroom- based approach, Psychology in the Schools, 46, 1, 3-17. Johnson, H. L., Fullwood, H. L. (2006). Disturbing behaviors in the secondary classroom: How do general educators perceive problem behaviors? Journal of Instructional Psychology, 33, 1, 20-39. McLeod, J., Fisher, J., Hoover, G. (2003). The key elements of classroom management: Managing time and space, student behaviour and instructional strategies. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Osher, D., Bear, G. G., Sprague, J. R. Doyle, W. (2010). How can we improve school discipline? Educational Researcher, 39, 1, 48-58. 5 PART 2- TASK 4: In what ways could communication methods based on mutual respect alter the classroom ecosystem? How could these affect disruptive children as well as those who already exhibit positive behaviour? In the secondary school setting, effective communication skills are a vital component of positive learning environments. They enable teachers to alter the classroom ecology in such as way as to develop mutually respectful reciprocal interactions with students that serve to augment classroom experiences and outcomes. Well-developed communication methods may be used to enhance interpersonal exchanges, promote effective problem-solving and expedite conflict resolution. These are the vital building blocks that serve to build trust and understanding. Moreover, they assist greatly in facilitating warm reciprocal student/teacher relationships and productive learning environments which in turn, foster positive behaviour and learning outcomes. The use of effective communication processes in secondary classrooms has the potential to benefit students who exhibit disruptive behaviours as well as those who do not (Arthur-Kelly, Lyons, Butterfield Gordon, 2003). Many secondary school students perceive this time period to be especially challenging. Developmentally, such students are experiencing considerable upheaval as they begin to negotiate the maze to emotional, social, physical and cognitive maturity. The secondary school years are further complicated as adolescents begin to consolidate their sense of identity, strive for greater autonomy and freedom and expand their social networks. These momentous changes may cause many students to flounder and struggle both behaviourally and academically. Fortunately, through the use of effective interpersonal communication techniques teachers are able to build respectful, reciprocal relationships that bolster secondary students throughout this tumultuous journey. (Martin, 2010) 6 Effective communication skills have long been regarded as the backbone of classroom management that results in the creation and maintenance of positive learning environments (den Brok, Fisher, Wubbels, Brekelmans Rickards, 2006). As such, communication and more specifically, teacher interpersonal skills may be viewed as the single most influential tool in altering classroom ecology to facilitate positive behavioural and academic outcomes (den Brok, Fisher, Wubbels, Brekelmans Rickards, 2006). Much research also supports the notion that effective teacher interpersonal behaviour is positively correlated with greater student cognitive and behavioural outcomes (den Brok, Levy, Brekelmans Wubbels, 2006; Fraser Walberg, 2005; Urdan, Schoenfelder, 2006). More particularly, student motivation, learning and degree of compliance are predominantly shaped by their perception of their relationship with their teacher (den Brok, Levy, Brekelmans Wubbels, 2006). During the tumultuous secondary school years students care a great deal about establishing positive relationships with their teachers and the level of support this provides. Hence, students who exhibit challenging behaviours and their counterparts who do not, both respond with far greater enthusiasm, pronounced engagement and augmented effort, behaviourally and academically, when they perceive that their teachers care about them (Urdan, Schoenfelder, 2006). By using effective communication skills, teachers are equipped with the tools to impart this powerful belief in their students, thus leading to respectful reciprocal relationships, positively altered classroom ecology, increased compliance and associated behavioural and academic growth. 7 References Arthur-Kelly, M., Lyons, G., Butterfield, N., Gordon, C. (2003). Classroom management: Creating positive learning environments. (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, VIC: Cengage Learning Australia. den Brok, P., Fisher, D., Wubbels, T., Brekelmans, M., Rickards, T. (2006). Secondary teachers interpersonal behaviour in Singapore, Brunei and Australia: A cross-national comparison. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 26, 1, 79-95. den Brok, P., Levy, J., Brekelmans, M., Wubbels, T. (2006). The effect of teacher interpersonal behaviour on students subject-specific motivation. The Journal of Classroom Interaction, 40, 2, 2-33. Fraser, B. J., Walberg, H. J. (2005). Research on teacher-student relationships and learning environments: Context, retrospect and prospect. International Journal of Educational Research, 43, 103-109. Martin, A. (2010). Building classroom success: Eliminating academic fear and failure. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Urdan, T., Schoenfelder, E. (2006). Classroom effects on student motivation: Goal structures, social relationships, and competence beliefs. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 331-349. 8 PART 3- TASK 7: Read the four scenarios on pages 174-176 in Arthur-Kelly et al., [2006] and using goal-centred theory identify in each of the four scenarios: a. How the child achieving his or her goal of misbehaviour helps the child to belong? b. How might the teacher restructure the learning environment to avoid future recurrences of these problems? Scenario 1: Liana is a pain (Attention) Liana requests continuous attention that commands teacher concern and assistance in order to fulfil her need for social belonging (Edwards, 2008). Liana mistakenly believes that she only matters when the teacher is actively paying her attention (NSW Department of Education, 1987). Scenario 2: Maria pouts (Power) Maria demonstrates a power focussed approach. By refusing to cooperate, Maria announces to her teacher and peers that she can prove her societal worth by doing whatever she likes. Asserting her authority enables Maria to achieve her goal of feeling powerful and important within the group. (Balson, 1992) Scenario 3: Ivan is violent (Revenge) Ivan seeks revenge. He feels misunderstood, unfairly treated and hurt. These feelings have accumulated over time as a result of negative interactions with others and negative student appraisals (Balson, 1992). To cope with such strong emotions and to achieve his goal of feeling uniqueness and group belonging, Ivan resorts to forcing others to share his pain (Ming-tak Wai-shing, 2008). Scenario 4: Rodney is lazy (Inadequacy) Rodney has become extremely discouraged and entrenched in a firm belief of his own inadequacy and inability. This belief acts like a shield which protects Rodney from further 9 humiliation. By demonstrating such pervasive disability, Rodney hopes that nothing will ever be expected of him. This affords him special status within the group as he is increasingly able to manipulate others into leaving him alone (Balson, 1992). To prevent perpetuating the abovementioned behaviours in a secondary school setting the teacher needs to reconstruct the classroom environment to promote positive behaviour. This may be achieved by conveying a genuine sense of caring, respect and inclusivity to all students. Additionally, adolescents need to feel empowered by being recognised for positive behaviours and receiving opportunities to shine. Teachers needs to impart the belief that the classroom is a welcoming place where students are valued, encouraged and treated fairly. (Arthur-Kelly, Lyons, Butterfield Gordon, 2003) Four factors are involved, the first being the establishment of democratically negotiated class rules with coordinated logical consequences. The second factor is the inclusive formulation of an effective conflict resolution mechanism, perhaps taking the shape of class discussion or negotiation meetings. Thirdly, the teacher should provide regular positive feedback and encouragement to all students, thus nurturing their need for belonging. Lastly, the teacher should employ specialised approaches to address the needs of discouraged students. (Arthur-Kelly et al., 2003) This may involve using strategies such as regularly rewarding attention-seekers when they display appropriate behaviour (Tauber, 2007). Power seekers might be enlisted to assist, exercise judgement or to tutor others with subsequent teacher encouragement (Nelsen, 2000). For revenge-focussed students, the teacher could focus on strengthening classroom relationships, perhaps by regularly manoeuvring situations that allow the student to shine in front of peers so that their negative appraisals begin to diminish (Ming-tak Wai-shing, 10 2008). Genuine support and encouragement may be expressed for students who display inadequacy. Additionally, carefully tailored learning situations may be used to enable frequent experiences of success and acknowledgement. Particular attention should be paid to expressing faith in ability at every opportunity (Ming-tak Wai-shing, 2008). 11 References Arthur-Kelly, M., Lyons, G., Butterfield, N., Gordon, C. (2003). Classroom management: Creating positive learning environments. (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, VIC: Cengage Learning Australia. Balson, M. (1992). Understanding classroom behaviour. (3rd ed.). Hawthorn, VIC: ACER. Edwards, C. H. (2008). Classroom discipline and management. (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Ming-tak, H., Wai-shing, L. (2008). Classroom management: Creating a positive learning environment. Aberdeen, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Tauber, R. T. (2007). Classroom management: Sound theory and effective practice. (4th ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Nelsen, J. (2000). Positive discipline: For teachers. Retrieved 25 November, 2010, from http://www.positivediscipline.com/questions_teacher/quest005.html NSW Department of Education. (1987). Understanding the roles and directing the characters goals of misbehaviour and how to respond. Retrieved 25 November, 2010, from http://alex.edfac.usyd.edu.au/localresource/schooldocs/respond.html 12 PART 4- TASK 9: Discuss the view put in Chapter 9 that you should develop and apply a model of classroom management that is aligned with both your personal philosophy of learning and teaching, and your personal approach to classroom management. It is crucial that pre-service teachers establish a model of classroom management that is in agreement with their personal learning/teaching philosophy and individual approach to classroom management. In constructing such an integrated structure, it is necessary to consider the contribution of personal values and beliefs as well as the various theories associated with instruction, pedagogy, development, behaviour, curriculum and assessment and the complex environmental attributes that constitute classrooms. A congruent and amalgamated philosophy, classroom management model and personal approach are prerequisites for facilitating success in dynamic secondary classroom ecologies. (Arthur-Kelly, Lyons, Butterfield Gordon, 2003) The process of developing such structures may be viewed as equally important as it enables the pre-service teacher to focus on and articulate a personal rationale (Goodyear Allchin, nd.). For pre-service secondary school teachers, this integrated approach is ak in to a blueprint, designed as a guide that all future classroom interactions may be evaluated against (Bosch, 2006). The process of creating an aligned teaching/learning philosophy, classroom management approach and model may be viewed as an essential planning phase (Arthur-Kelly et al., 2003). During this process, the pre-service teacher clarifies their assumptions, knowledge and beliefs regarding effective teaching/learning, the importance of classroom management, the theories that drive ones personal approach and the importance of ecological factors. Employing such scrutiny allows the pre-service teacher to reveal any discrepancies between their beliefs and intended actions and to develop a unique, consistent personal style. Any inconsistencies may be rectified, thus averting potential impediment to teaching practice (Osterman Kottkamp, 1993). 13 Pre-service secondary teachers are wise to conduct a thorough self-examination of their values, beliefs and their theoretical underpinnings prior to settling on a model of classroom management and corresponding learning/teaching philosophy. This synchronised technique engenders a surefooted base that maximises the potential for successful classroom interactions and achievements. Subsequent to employing this unifying approach, intentions, goals and methodology may be clearly communicated to all stakeholders (Raymond, 1997). Moreover, this framework allows the success of outcomes to be accurately measured and serves as a guide for reflective practice (Titus Gremler, 2010). This is especially important in secondary classrooms where a persistent, consistent and systematic approach is essential for the respectful and unambiguous communication that is a requirement in building positive learning environments (Arthur-Kelly et al., 2003). It is the pre-service teachers beliefs and values systems that drive their teaching practices and behaviour. An aligned model and approach to classroom management and personal philosophy of learning and teaching leads to consistent patterns of classroom communication and instruction and a well coordinated teaching style. Indeed, Heimlich and Norland (2002, p. 17) describe teaching style as a predilection toward teaching behaviour and the congruence between an educators teaching behaviour and teaching beliefs. Furthermore, the decisions that pre-service teachers make and the actions that ensue are reflections of their conscious beliefs regarding what constitutes effective teaching/learning. A teaching style marred by incongruity, lacks pedagogical reflection and direction, hence minimising the likelihood of effective and coordinated teaching practices (Titus Gremler, 2010). 14