Rationality of Belief in an External World - 1973 Words

The philosophers of Enlightenment had discussed many important issues in the late 17th and 18th century. One of the significant subjects that they debated about was different opinions on the rationality of belief in an external world. Whether we are surrounded by external objects or not and if this is the case how we know this are the kinds of question they tried to find answers. Descartes has serious doubts on the testimony of senses, and this refers doubts about an external world. While Hume thinks that our beliefs on an external world is not justified, Leibniz believes that the universe exists out of ourselves by monads programmed by God. Besides, Kant thinks that our mind is the thing that gives meaning to objects, whereas Locke is more realist and thinks that external objects are giving mental content to our minds. This paper will trace the discussion among the five philosophers on debatable issue of external world’s existence and its relation to mind. To begin with, Descartes holds Cartesian skepticism that doubts the trueness of every past and present opinions, including the ones we gain by sensation. He believes that our sense organs can deceive us not only about the external world, but the trueness of our beliefs as well. Descartes states in his Sixth Meditation that faculty of sensation is a sort of passive activity that receives sensorial ideas from something else than itself. He examines what kind of thing can contain such sensory ideas or holdsShow MoreRelatedShafer-Landau and Korsgaard 1283 Words   |  6 Pagesideas involves a rationalist perspective that rationality defines morality or that moral failings imply rational failings. This concept is supported by Shafer-Landau and Korsgaard while thinkers like Williams and Foot disagree with such a claim. It should be understood that morality and rationality are intertwined were a moral failing correlates with a rational failing. Rush Shafer-Landau believes that to act morally is to act rationally due to his core belief involving moral desire and duty. He believesRead MoreThe concept of human nature focuses on the distinctive natural characteristics of humans, namely1500 Words   |  6 Pages The concept of human nature focuses on the distinctive natural characteristics of humans, namely the ways we feel, think and act, regardless of external forces as well as influences. Within the study and discipline of Philosophy, this fundamental nature of humans and our existence is scrutinized. Philosophy involves a continuous search and lookout for an accurate understanding of the underlying traits of humankind that are deemed to be common among all humans. Starting with the ancient philosophersRead MoreComment on the Three Conditions on Market Efficiency1004 Words   |  5 PagesAn efficient capital market is one in which stock prices fully reflect available information. Professor Andrei Shleifer has suggested thre e conditions lead to market efficiency. (1)rationality, (2)independent deviations from rationality, and (3)arbitrage. This essay will examine investors’ behavioral biases and then discuss the behavioral and empirical challenges to market efficiency. In the attached article, James Montier suggested three behavioral biases that investors had. (1) illusion of controlRead MoreKant s View On Animal And The Treatment Of Them1306 Words   |  6 Pageshow Kant believes we should treat animals and his justification for theorizing it. I reason Kant’s assumption that animals are not rational or unable to be self-conscious. Third, I look at Kant’s underlining assumptions of animals and the natural world around him. I allege Kant’s assumptions on animals may lead to environmental degradation. Through this paper I aim to disprove Kant’s assumptions about animals and how his views may perpetuate further damage to the environment. Kant’s second categoricalRead MoreSolving The Costs And Benefits For Each Of Our Options1000 Words   |  4 Pagesacts of thievery since the expected benefits of committing the act obviously outweighs the cost given that â€Å"nobody would find out†. His definition of rationality is more or less similar to what most economists believe in, which is making decisions strictly based on the highest grossing financial benefits. Therefore, under his definition of rationality and irrationality, we would be acting â€Å"irrational† by succumbing to our morality and conscience, and not commit the act that would bring us the mostRead MoreEnlightenment Assessment : The Ideal Of Reason1270 Words   |  6 Pagesview of the world and a number of social upheavals, including the bloody French Revolution, which gave birth to dictatorship and terror. These forced to question the possibility of a â€Å"social contract.† Moreover, the awareness of the inhumanity of the cap italist system tarnished the ideals of absolute reason and progress. Gradually, the belief in progress and the human mind gave way to pessimism. The paper will assess the rationality of Enlightenment and its perception in the modern world. SinceRead MoreUniversalist Theory Of Universalism1237 Words   |  5 Pagesschool of thought that natural laws (divine) govern the world. He held that man can discover the natural laws and live his life by them (Greenwood and Harris, 2011). He argued that natural law contains principles that have practical rationality and the role of man as a recipient of it is to adhere to it. The judging of human action as reasonable or unreasonable takes place through the dictates of natural Law. In the theory of practical rationality, it is the superior part. According to Greenwood andRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Nietzsche’s Preparatory Human Being and Kierkegaard’s Knight of Faith1469 Words   |  6 Pagesactor of this drama† (Science 241). The preparatory human being is one who sees the world as Nietzsche does, and so his characterization is Nietzsche, and people who he sees stick out from the rest of society. The preparatory human being is one that is fit for the transition that Nietzsche sees the world around him going through. This is the destruction of the belief in God. Nietzsche proposes that the belief has receded and questions how people will be able to cope with this (Science 181). MentionedRead MoreThe Dawn Of The Enlightenment By David Hume1740 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration of concepts such as reason, human sympathy, and the authority of traditional ideas. While David Hume’s extreme skepticism challenges preconceived notions of Enlightenment values, his approach is ultimately quite reflective of the core beliefs that represent the pinnacle of Enlightenment thought; thereby reinforcing such values while simultaneously casting them in an increasingly realistic light. Firstly, Hume effectively tackles the commonly held assertion that humans are purely rationalRead MoreDavid Hume’s an Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesidea or image or impression. Such a datum is an internal, mental, subjective representation of something that I assume to be an external, physical, fact. But there are, at least, two difficulties inherent in ascribing any truth to such perceptions. If truth is understood as the adequacy between the image and the object, then it is impossible to infer that there is a true world of objects since the only evidence. From this fundamental point, human reason loses its contingency in moral issues and decision

Romantic Relationships Are Key To Our Long-Term Health

Romantic relationships are key to our long-term health and wellbeing. In relationship areas such as warmth and attractiveness, a human can view their partner a little bit more positively than they views themselves or than most other people view them. There are many ways to make a relationship last. Love, trust, and communication are three most important attributes. Love lasts as long as two people make it happen. First, no matter what type of relationship one has, love is definitely an essential. Many teenagers today have already experienced the hardship of being in a relationship with someone and being in love. Love happens at any age. At first, when you meet someone, you automatically get butterflies from the person you meet. You talk,†¦show more content†¦These particular brain regions could be the clue to why certain couples stay madly in love years, even decades, later. Some groups have argued that love is pointless and that relationships don t last that long. But sadly, this is not true. No matter how long you’ve been together, there are some simple, fundamental rules of the road. Putting them into practice isn’t always easy, but it is critical. Like for example, they have a saying it takes two people to make a baby happen also it takes two people to fall in love with each other and last long. Not every relationship is perfect but also relationships do work out as long as two make it happen. You can argue, yell at each other, kick and fight with each other but at the end of the day, you know where you stand at and you know you two will make anything work out as long as you guys want to stay together forever. People think once you break up with your partner that things will fall off. No, that s not the answer. Couples have ups and downs. Now in days, people don t realize that communication is a big role in a relationship. Without t alking to your partner about for example, how you feel about them, disagreeing with them, your problems then things are going to affect your relationship later on. Some people have never been very open to others in their life. But to be in a relationship is to take a step toward opening up your life and opening up yourself. Little lies turn into big lies. Hiding yourShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult to not be pulled into the newest trends, as they are advertised almost everywhere. There are even ways to find a romantic partner with apps and websites. The power social media has can be observed all over the world in many different settings. Sadly, this power can be both positive and negative. Though, it may be hard sometimes to see the negative aspects since our society has become so enthralled with social media. First, I will examine the trends in online dating and the surplus of peopleRead MoreRhetoric And Composition - False Accusations Of Love1445 Words   |  6 PagesLove Reruns of The Oprah Winfrey Show, countless self-help books, and friends that plan to help us out protest to the assistance in finding true love. But the more and more we search for what we may not find, we are digging ourselves deeper into our own death. We refuse to see how bad something is until it completely destroys us. As it tears us limb from limb with its vicious hopes of affection, attraction, and adornment we can t refrain from falling for the sacrilegious ways of love. Yet... 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Research, including John Van Epp’s book â€Å"How to Avoid Falling in Love with a Jerk,† tells us that a healthy relationship is built on more than the initial emotions we feel. In chapter one of â€Å"How to Avoid Falling in LoveRead MoreFactors for a Long Lasting Relationship6043 Words   |  25 PagesFactors for a Long Lasting Relationship Among Selected Couples of Barangay San Francisco, Gen. Trias, Cavite A Descriptive type of Research about the Factors for a Long Lasting Relationship In Couples By Nathanya Claire Agtarap Rondy Kiang Alvin Beswin Submitted as a partial requirement for the Research subject at St. Aloysius Gonzaga Integrated School, General Trias, Cavite March 11, 2013 This work is lovingly dedicated to our family, friends, teachers, schoolmates, classmatesRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1225 Words   |  5 Pagesless than their women counterparts. The sex distinction in help-seeking behavior occurs even when both women and men are equally afflicted. 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Humans name everything we come in contact with – corporal or incorporeal. Every substance, action, or emotion has a name. Every state of being is labeled and defined. For centuries this powerful ability to give a nameRead MoreThe Powerful Juxtaposition Of Gratitude And Well Being1859 Words   |  8 Pagesgetting something for nothing† (Reis 2009, p. 774). From a clinical standpoint, gratitude is the appreciation of what is valuable to oneself; it is an overall state of thankfulness. Essentially, gratitude is a form of visualizing that transforms our gaze. Gratitude starts with recognizing the fact that nothing can be taken for granted and thus, this life we have is a precious gift. The recognition of that gift is the beginning of gratitude. A number of life experiences can provoke feelings of

A New Kind of Structure Free Essays

1. Describe the structural problems HP had. When Mark Hurd assumed his new role as CEO of HP, he soon realized that many of the company’s structural problems were related to the fact that eleven layers of management separated him from HP’s customers. We will write a custom essay sample on A New Kind of Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Top corporate customers of the company told him that they did not know whom to contact at HP to respond to their questions. HP’s head of corporate technology said that she had to wait three months to secure approval to hire 100 sales specialists. Moreover, HP’s salespeople were able to spend only about one-third of the time with customers; the remainder of their workday was spent in negotiating the bureaucracy inside of HP. 2. How did Mark Hurd decide to address his company’s structural problems? What do you think of his changes? How do you think the company’s customers responded to these changes? How about the company’s executives and sales force? In attempting to remedy the structural problems at his company, Mark Hurd first terminated the employment of underperformers and eliminated three layers of sales management. He also eliminated one sales group and merged those sales representatives into the remaining sales groups. Company executives and members of the sales force are likely pleased that the increased efficiency in the organization enables them to make decisions more quickly and to spend more time interacting with customers. Customers must be more satisfied to see that their needs and concerns are being met more effectively and efficiently. 3. Would a more mechanistic or a more organic structure be appropriate for HP? Why? Considering the rapidly changing nature of the products, and particularly the services, offered by HP, the appropriate structure for this company would have many characteristics of an organic structure. Changing times and intense competition within its industry require that HP be quickly responsive and proactive in its corporate strategy; an organic structure would be more conducive to this type of strategy. 4. What role do you think organizational structure plays in an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness? Explain. Organizational structure plays a key role in enabling a company to function smoothly, to remain responsive to its internal and external stakeholders, and to adapt to changes in the marketplace. Innovation is facilitated by fewer layers of management, and students have already learned that the survival and success of a company is usually dependent upon its ability to function as a learning organization that promotes innovation. How to cite A New Kind of Structure, Papers

Artificial Intelligence Programming Assignment Essay Example For Students

Artificial Intelligence Programming Assignment Essay Is it possible to place eight Queens on a chessboard, so that none of the Queens occupy the same row, column, or diagonal? Take a number whose square root is to be calculated, any positive number. Take a guess at the numbers square root. Calculate the square root by improving on the current guess as indicated:Next guess = (number/ current guess + current guess)/ 2 Repeat this process until the difference between the next guess and the current is within the accepted level of accuracy. The better your guess, the fewer the number of iterations needed to get the square root. A good first guess is typically half the number whose square root is to be calculated. The process is ten repeated until the desired accuracy is achieved. Determine a root of the equation f(x) = x^3-x^2-9x+9 = 0 using the Newton-Raphson method if the initial guess is x1 = 1.5. Solve the following set of linear simultaneous equations using the Gauss-Seidel method: 3.If illegal, pick the next position. 4. If no legal position is found, back up to one row. If legal positions are found for all eight rows, the problem is solved. Search the current node value to see if it equals the search value. If the search value is smaller than the current value, make the current node the left child node. Make the current node the right child node. Searches as far down the left side of the binary tree. When it encounters, NULL, the search switches to the bottom-most right child and resumes. Remove a node from the queue. This becomes the current node. Place all child nodes of the current node onto the queue. Get a positive number whose square root is to be calculated from the user. While more numbers remain, calculate firs guess, x0. Xn = 0.5 * (X (n-1) + Number/ X (n-1)) Until abs (Xn X (n 1)) *= Desired precision Get a positive number whose square root is to be calculated from the user. 1.Set number of iterations num_iter to zero. 2.Set previous estimate of the root (x_prev) to initial guess (x_init). 3.Set current estimate of the root (x_curr) to initial guess (x_init). 4.While num_iter * max_iter do the following a.Compute the value of the derivative at x_prev from derx = df (x_curr); b.If derx is less than epsilon (a value close to zero) return (1) c. Compute new estimate of the root from x_curr = x_prev f (x_prev)/ df (x_prev) e. Set new value of root equal to x_curr f.If estimate of root is within desired tolerance then return (0) The second approximation to the solution is X1 (2) = (b1 a12x2 (1) a13x3 (1))/a11 = X2 (2) = (b2 a21x1 (2) a23x3 (1))/a22 = X3 (2) = b3 a31x1 (2)-a32x2 (2)/a33 = Substituting the above values, we obtain the third approximation from X1 (3) = b1-a12x2 (2) a13x3 (2)/a11 = X2 (3) = b2-a21x1 (3) a23x3 (2)/a22 = 20 1(1.256) 2(-3.947)/ 5 = 5.328 X3 (3) = b3 a31x1 (3) a32x2 (3)/a33 = -12 3(1. 256) 2(5.328)/6 = -4.404 Bibliography: .